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Lion fue la octava gran actualización del sistema operativo de Apple. Retrieved April 15, 2009. We must leave the default 2GB.
Archived from on September 16, 2015. Lion blows me aw ah, because I didn't jump on the RTM version and I waited for a version that would do what I wanted rather than what I north should have wanted. Third-party projects such as, and provide pre-compiled or pre-formatted packages. Consultado el 15 de abril de 2009. Mayor compatibilidad e interactividad con los productos Apple. Después de esto, se presentaron nuevas versiones al mismo tiempo que la versión de escritorio de Mac OS X. Contiene más de 150 nuevas mejoras, pero al igual que con el lanzamiento de Resistance, algunas máquinas antiguas dejaron de ser soportadas; en particular, cualquier equipo Mac os x que no cuente con conexión no está ya soportado en Tiger. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
A of operating systems, if you will. Mientras que muchos críticos dijeron que el no estaba listo para el público, reconocieron la importancia del lanzamiento inicial como una base sobre la cual se puede progresar. Sin embargo, el sistema permite modificaciones cuando es requerido.
- Originalmente no estaba diseñado para su uso en plataformas x86 y requiería un procesador PowerPC real presente en la máquina en que se ejecutaba de manera similar a un. If you don't want to resume your desktop, system specs, and apps as you left them, or just want to start clean, you always have the option during restart to turn the feature off.
The first is colloquially called the , which was introduced in 1984, and the final release of which was in 1999. The first desktop version, , was released in March 2001, with its first update, 10. After this, Apple began naming its releases after , which lasted until. Since , releases have been named after in. The latest version is , which was publicly released in September 2017. Between 1999 and 2009, Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called. The initial version, , was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to. After this, new versions were introduced concurrently with the desktop version of Mac OS X. Beginning with , the server functions were made available as a separate package on the. The X was a prominent part of the operating system's and marketing in its early years, but gradually receded in prominence since the release of Snow Leopard in 2009. A heavily modified version of was used for the first-generation. Releases of Mac OS X from 1999 to 2005 can run only on the -based Macs from that time period. After Apple from 2006 onwards, a separate version of was made and distributed exclusively with early Intel-based Macs; it included an emulator known as , which allowed users to run most PowerPC applications on Intel-based Macs. In 2011, Apple released , which no longer supported 32-bit Intel processors and also did not include Rosetta. All versions of the system released since then run exclusively on Intel CPUs and do not support PowerPC applications. Main article: The heritage of what would become macOS had originated at , a company founded by following his departure from Apple in 1985. There, the operating system was developed, and then launched in 1989. The of NeXTSTEP is based upon the , which was originally developed at , with additional kernel layers and low-level code derived from parts of. Its was built on top of an using the programming language. This led Apple to purchase in 1996, allowing NeXTSTEP, then called , to serve as the basis for Apple's next generation operating system. This purchase also led to Steve Jobs returning to Apple as an interim, and then the permanent CEO, shepherding the transformation of the programmer-friendly OPENSTEP into a system that would be adopted by Apple's primary market of home users and creative professionals. Previous Macintosh operating systems versions of the were named using , as with and. The first version of Mac OS X, , was a transitional product, featuring an interface resembling the , though it was not compatible with software designed for the older system. Consumer releases of Mac OS X included more. Mac OS applications could be rewritten to run natively via the ; many could also be run directly through the with a reduction in performance. The consumer version of Mac OS X was launched in 2001 with. Reviews were variable, with extensive praise for its sophisticated, glossy but criticizing it for sluggish performance. With Apple's popularity at a low, the makers of several classic Mac applications such as and declined to develop new versions of their software for Mac OS X. Following releases Apple rapidly developed several new releases of Mac OS X. Siracusa's review of version 10. As the operating system evolved, it moved away from the , with applications being added and removed. Considering music to be a key market, Apple developed the music player and music software for the Mac, including and. With increasing popularity of the internet, Apple offered additional online services, including the. Mac, and most recently products. It later began selling third-party applications through the. Newer versions of Mac OS X also included modifications to the general interface, moving away from the striped gloss and transparency of the initial versions. Some applications began to use a appearance, or non-pinstriped titlebar appearance in version 10. In Leopard, Apple announced a unification of the interface, with a standardized gray-gradient window style. In 2006, the first Macs released used a specialized version of. A key development for the system was the announcement and release of the from 2007 onwards. The simultaneous release of two operating systems based on the same frameworks placed tension on Apple, which cited the iPhone as forcing it to delay. However, after Apple opened the iPhone to third-party developers its commercial success drew attention to Mac OS X, with many iPhone software developers showing interest in Mac development. In 2007, was the sole release with components, allowing installation on both Intel Macs and select Macs. It is also the final release with PowerPC Mac support. The name was intended to signal its status as an iteration of Leopard, focusing on technical and performance improvements rather than user-facing features; indeed it was explicitly branded to developers as being a 'no new features' release. Since its release, several OS X or macOS releases namely , and follow this pattern, with a name derived from its predecessor, similar to the '' used by Intel. In two succeeding versions, and , Apple moved some applications to a highly style of design inspired by contemporary versions of iOS, at the same time simplifying some elements by making controls such as scroll bars fade out when not in use. This direction was, like brushed metal interfaces, unpopular with some users, although it continued a trend of greater animation and variety in the interface previously seen in design aspects such as the utility, which presented past file versions against a swirling nebula, and the glossy translucent of and. In addition, with , Apple ceased to release separate versions of Mac OS X, selling server tools as a separate downloadable application through the Mac App Store. That year, Apple removed the head of OS X development, , and design was changed towards a more minimal direction. Apple's new user interface design, using deep color saturation, text-only buttons and a minimal, 'flat' interface, was debuted with in 2013. With OS X engineers reportedly working on iOS 7, the version released in 2013, , was something of a transitional release, with some of the skeuomorphic design removed, while most of the general interface of Mavericks remained unchanged. The next version, , adopted a design similar to but with greater complexity suitable for an interface controlled with a mouse. From 2012 onwards, the system has shifted to an annual release schedule similar to that of. It also steadily cut the cost of updates from Snow Leopard onwards, before removing upgrade fees altogether from 2013 onwards. Some journalists and third-party software developers have suggested that this decision, while allowing more rapid feature release, meant less opportunity to focus on stability, with no version of OS X recommendable for users requiring stability and performance above new features. Apple's 2015 update, , was announced to focus specifically on stability and performance improvements. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. July 2018 In 2016, with the release of , the name was changed from OS X to macOS to streamline it with the branding of Apple's other primary operating systems: , , and. The APFS was announced at the in 2016 as a replacement for , a highly criticized file system. At the 2017 Worldwide Developers Conference Apple previewed. It uses APFS, rather than HFS+, on. Apple has released this family of software as a and operating system named. On top of Darwin, Apple layered a number of components, including the interface and the , to complete the -based operating system which is macOS. With its original introduction as Mac OS X, the system brought a number of new capabilities to provide a more stable and reliable platform than its predecessor, the. For example, and improved the system's ability to run multiple applications simultaneously without them interrupting or corrupting each other. Many aspects of macOS's architecture are derived from , which was designed to be portable, to ease the transition from one platform to another. For example, was ported from the original -based NeXT workstations to and other architectures before NeXT was purchased by Apple, and OPENSTEP was later ported to the architecture as part of the. Prior to macOS High Sierra, and on drives other than SSDs , the default is , which it inherited from the classic Mac OS. He criticized the of file names, a design made worse when Apple extended the file system to support. Initially, HFS+ was designed for classic Mac OS, which runs on and systems. When Apple switched Macintosh to little-endian Intel processors, it continued to use big-endian byte order on HFS+ file systems. As a result, macOS on current Macs must do when it reads file system data. These concerns are being addressed with the new , which is used for file systems on SSDs in macOS High Sierra. The subsystem in macOS is in charge of managing the file system, which includes the Unix layer. More recently, another Macworld editor, Dan Frakes, called the procedure of repairing permissions vastly overused. He argues that macOS typically handles permissions properly without user interference, and resetting permissions should only be tried when problems emerge. The architecture of macOS incorporates a layered design: the layered frameworks aid rapid development of applications by providing existing code for common tasks. Apple provides its own tools, most prominently an called. Xcode provides interfaces to that support several including , , , and. For the , it was modified so that developers could build their applications as a , which provides compatibility with both the Intel-based and PowerPC-based Macintosh lines. First and third-party applications can be controlled programatically using the framework, retained from the , or using the newer application that offers pre-written tasks that do not require programming knowledge. Afterwards, users could either revert to iChat or upgrade to a newer version of OS X 10. Two minor updates, 1. Otherwise, Mac OS X 10. Apple offered two main to develop software natively for macOS: and. Cocoa was a descendant of APIs inherited from with no ancestry from the , while Carbon was an adaptation of classic Mac OS APIs, allowing Mac software to be minimally rewritten in order to run natively on Mac OS X. The Cocoa API was created as the result of a 1993 collaboration between and. Traditionally, Cocoa programs have been mostly written in , with Java as an alternative. Since 2014, Apple has promoted its new programming language as the preferred language for software development on Apple platforms. Apple's original plan with macOS was to require all developers to rewrite their software into the Cocoa APIs. This caused much outcry among existing Mac developers, who threatened to abandon the platform rather than invest in a costly rewrite, and the idea was shelved. To permit a smooth transition from Mac OS 9 to Mac OS X, the API was created. Applications written with Carbon were initially able to run natively on both classic Mac OS and Mac OS X, although this ability was later dropped as Mac OS X developed. Carbon was not included in the first product sold as Mac OS X: the little-used original release of , which also did not include the Aqua interface. Apple limited further development of Carbon from the release of Leopard onwards, announcing Carbon applications would not receive the ability to run at. A number of macOS applications continued to use Carbon for some time afterwards, especially ones with heritage dating back to the classic Mac OS and for which updates would be difficult, uneconomic or not necessary. This included up to , and Photoshop up to CS5. Early versions of macOS could also run some classic Mac OS applications through the with performance limitations; this feature was removed from 10. Because macOS is compliant, many software packages written for the other systems including can be recompiled to run on it, including much scientific and technical software. Third-party projects such as , , and provide pre-compiled or pre-formatted packages. Apple and others have provided versions of the graphical interface which can allow these applications to run with an approximation of the macOS look-and-feel. The current Apple-endorsed method is the open-source project; earlier versions could use the application provided by Apple, or before that the project. Applications can be distributed to Macs and installed by the user from any source and by any method such as downloading with or without , available via an Apple developer account or through the , a marketplace of software maintained by Apple by way of a process requiring the company's approval. Apps installed through the Mac App Store run within a , restricting their ability to exchange information with other applications or modify the core operating system and its features. This has been cited as an advantage, by allowing users to install apps with confidence that they should not be able to damage their system, but also as a disadvantage due to blocking the Mac App Store's use for professional applications that require elevated privileges. Applications without any code signature cannot be run by default except from a computer's administrator account. Apple produces macOS applications, some of which are included and some sold separately. This includes , , , , and the database application. Numerous other developers also offer. Hardware compatibility List of macOS versions, the supported systems on which they run, and their RAM requirements Operating system Supported systems RAM requirement — Intel Macs released in: 2009 iMac and main line , 2010 other or later 2 GB — Intel Macs 64-bit released in: 2007 prosumer and iMac , 2008 other consumer , 2009 Xserve or later Intel Macs 64-bit support dropped from 10. Intel Macs 32-bit or 64-bit 1 GB G4, G5 and Intel Macs 32-bit or 64-bit at 867 MHz or faster support dropped from 10. This includes a number of pre-G3 Power Macintosh systems that can be made to run up to and including Mac OS X 10. Except for features requiring specific hardware such as graphics acceleration or DVD writing, the operating system offers the same functionality on all supported hardware. As most Mac hardware components, or components similar to those, since the Intel transition are available for purchase, some technology-capable groups have developed software to install macOS on non-Apple computers. This violates Apple's and is therefore unsupported by Apple technical support, warranties etc. These self-made computers allow more flexibility and customization of hardware, but at a cost of leaving the user more responsible for their own machine, such as on matter of data integrity or security. PowerPC—Intel transition Main article: In April 2002, eWeek announced a rumor that Apple had a version of Mac OS X code-named , which ran on processors. The idea behind Marklar was to keep Mac OS X running on an alternative platform should Apple become dissatisfied with the progress of the platform. These rumors subsided until late in May 2005, when various media outlets, such as and , announced that Apple would unveil Marklar in the coming months. On June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs announced in his keynote address at the annual Apple that Apple would be making the transition from PowerPC to processors over the following two years, and that Mac OS X would support both platforms during the transition. Jobs also confirmed rumors that Apple had versions of Mac OS X running on Intel processors for most of its developmental life. Intel-based Macs would run a new recompiled version of OS X along with , a layer which enables software compiled for PowerPC Mac OS X to run on Intel Mac OS X machines. The system was included with Mac OS X versions up to version 10. Apple dropped support for Classic mode on the new Intel Macs. Third party emulation software such as , and provided support for some early versions of Mac OS. A new version of Xcode and the underlying command-line compilers supported building that would run on either architecture. PowerPC-only software is supported with Apple's official emulation software, , though applications eventually had to be rewritten to run properly on the newer versions released for Intel processors. Apple initially encouraged developers to produce universal binaries with support for both PowerPC and Intel. There is a performance penalty when PowerPC binaries run on Intel Macs through Rosetta. Moreover, some PowerPC software, such as kernel extensions and System Preferences plugins, are not supported on Intel Macs at all. Some PowerPC applications would not run on macOS at all. Plugins for Safari need to be compiled for the same platform as Safari, so when Safari is running on Intel, it requires plug-ins that have been compiled as Intel-only or universal binaries, so PowerPC-only plug-ins will not work. While Intel Macs are able to run PowerPC, Intel, and universal binaries; PowerPC Macs support only universal and PowerPC builds. Support for the PowerPC platform was dropped following the transition. In 2009, Apple announced at its that Mac OS X 10. Rosetta continued to be offered as an optional download or installation choice in Snow Leopard before it was discontinued with Mac OS X 10. In addition, new versions of Mac OS X first- and third-party software increasingly required Intel processors, including new versions of iLife, iWork, Aperture and Logic Pro. The original user interface as seen in the from 2000 One of the major differences between the and the current macOS was the addition of , a graphical user interface with water-like elements, in the first major release of Mac OS X. Every window element, text, graphic, or is drawn on-screen using technology. Also, were added around windows and isolated text elements to provide a sense of depth. New interface elements were integrated, including sheets attached to specific windows and drawers, which would slide out and provide options. Third-party developers started producing for customizable applications and other operating systems which mimicked the Aqua appearance. To some extent, Apple has used the successful transition to this new design as leverage, at various times threatening against people who make or distribute software with an interface the company says is derived from its design. Apple has continued to change aspects of the macOS appearance and design, particularly with tweaks to the appearance of windows and the menu bar. Since 2012, Apple has sold many of its Mac models with high-resolution , and macOS and its have extensive support for resolution-independent development on supporting high-resolution displays. Reviewers have described Apple's support for the technology as superior to that on Windows. The published by Apple for macOS are followed by many applications, giving them consistent user interface and keyboard shortcuts. In addition, new services for applications are included, which include spelling and grammar checkers, special characters palette, color picker, font chooser and dictionary; these global features are present in every Cocoa application, adding consistency. The graphics system composites windows onto the screen to allow hardware-accelerated drawing. This technology, introduced in version 10. Quartz's internal imaging model correlates well with the PDF imaging model, making it easy to output PDF to multiple devices. As a side result, PDF viewing and creating PDF documents from any application are built-in features. Reflecting its popularity with design users, macOS also has system support for a variety of professional video and image formats and includes an extensive pre-installed font library, featuring many prominent brand-name designs. Components Main article: The is a file browser allowing quick access to all areas of the computer, which has been modified throughout subsequent releases of macOS. It allows for dynamic previews of files, including videos and multi-page documents without opening any other applications. Its functions are to instantly display all open windows as thumbnails for easy navigation to different tasks, display all open windows as thumbnails from the current application, and hide all windows to access the desktop. Also, was introduced, which is an optional encryption of the user's files with the 128-bit AES-128. Features introduced in include , an application designed to create an automatic workflow for different tasks; , a full-screen group of small applications called that can be called up and dismissed in one keystroke; and , a media viewer interface accessed by the. Moreover, the Sync Services were included, which is a system that allows applications to access a centralized extensible database for various elements of user data, including calendar and contact items. The operating system then managed conflicting edits and data consistency. All system icons are scalable up to 512×512 pixels as of to accommodate various places where they appear in larger size, including for example the view, a graphical user interface included with , the Finder, and other Apple products for visually skimming through files and digital media libraries via cover artwork. That version also introduced , a implementation which enables the user to have more than one desktop and display them in an Exposé-like interface; an automatic backup technology called , which provides the ability to view and restore previous versions of files and application data; and was built in for the first time. In more recent releases, Apple has developed support for characters by including the proprietary font. Apple has also connected macOS with social networks such as and through the addition of share buttons for content such as pictures and text. Apple has brought several applications and features that originally debuted in , its mobile operating system, to macOS in recent releases, notably the , which was introduced in of macOS. Multilingual support There are 34 system languages available in macOS for the user at the moment of installation; the system language is used throughout the entire operating system environment. Input methods for typing in dozens of scripts can be chosen independently of the system language. Recent updates have added increased support for and interconnections with popular social networks in. Updating methods macOS can be updated using the application or the softwareupdate utility. Until , a separate application performed this functionality. In Mountain Lion and later, this was merged into the Mac App Store application, although the underlying update mechanism remains unchanged and is fundamentally different than the download mechanism used when purchasing an App Store application. Tiger did not support 64-bit GUI applications, only 64-bit CLI applications. With the exception of and the original public beta, OS X versions were named after until , when Apple switched to using locations. On May 16, 2005 a US federal court in the Southern District of Florida ruled that Apple's use did not infringe on Tiger Direct's trademark. Mac OS X Public Beta Screenshot of OS X 10. The initial version was slow, incomplete, and had very few applications available at the time of its launch, mostly from independent developers. While many critics suggested that the operating system was not ready for mainstream adoption, they recognized the importance of its initial launch as a base on which to improve. Simply releasing Mac OS X was received by the Macintosh community as a great accomplishment, for attempts to completely overhaul the Mac OS had been underway since 1996, and delayed by countless setbacks. Following some bug fixes, became much less frequent. It featured increased performance and provided missing features, such as DVD playback. It was discovered that the upgrade CDs were full install CDs that could be used with Mac OS 9 systems by removing a specific file; Apple later re-released the CDs in an actual stripped-down format that did not facilitate installation on such systems. On January 7, 2002, Apple announced that Mac OS X was to be the default operating system for all Macintosh products by the end of that month. Mac OS X 10. It brought great raw performance improvements, a sleeker look, and many powerful user-interface enhancements over 150, according to Apple , including for compositing graphics directly on an or MX AGP-based video card with at least 16 MB of VRAM, a system-wide repository for contact information in the new , and an instant messaging client named. The which had appeared during the Mac OS startup sequence for almost 18 years was replaced with a large grey Apple logo with the introduction of Mac OS X v10. Mac OS X 10. In addition to providing much improved performance, it also incorporated the most extensive update yet to the user interface. Panther included as many or more new features as Jaguar had the year before, including an updated Finder, incorporating a brushed-metal interface, , Window manager , , , iChat AV which added features to iChat , improved PDF rendering and much greater interoperability. Mac OS X 10. Apple stated that Tiger contained more than 200 new features. As with Panther, certain older machines were no longer supported; Tiger requires a Mac with 256 MB and a built-in port. Among the new features, Tiger introduced , , , updated Mail program with Smart Mailboxes, 7, 2, , , and. The initial release of the used a modified version of Tiger with a different graphical interface and fewer applications and services. On January 10, 2006, Apple released the first Intel-based Macs along with the 10. This operating system functioned identically on the PowerPC-based Macs and the new Intel-based machines, with the exception of the Intel release lacking support for the Classic environment. Mac OS X 10. It brought more than 300 new features. Leopard supports both - and -based Macintosh computers; support for the G3 processor was dropped and the G4 processor required a minimum clock rate of 867 MHz, and at least 512 MB of to be installed. The single DVD works for all supported Macs including 64-bit machines. New features include a new look, an updated Finder, , , pre-installed, full support for applications including graphical applications , new features in and , and a number of new security features. Leopard is an registered product on the Intel platform. It was also the first OS to receive UNIX 03 certification. Leopard dropped support for the and all Classic applications. It was the final version of Mac OS X to support the PowerPC architecture. Mac OS X 10. For most users, the most noticeable changes were: the disk space that the operating system frees up after a clean install compared to Mac OS X 10. Snow Leopard only supported machines with Intel CPUs, required at least 1 GB of , and dropped default support for applications built for the architecture could be installed as an additional component to retain support for PowerPC-only applications. Snow Leopard also featured new technology capable of supporting greater amounts of , improved support for multi-core processors through , and advanced GPU performance with. Main article: Mac OS X 10. It brought developments made in Apple's iOS, such as an easily navigable display of installed applications called and a greater use of gestures, to the Mac. This release removed , making it incompatible with PowerPC applications. Changes made to the GUI include auto-hiding scrollbars that only appear when they are being used, and Mission Control which unifies Exposé, Spaces, Dashboard, and full-screen applications within a single interface. Apple also made changes to applications: they resume in the same state as they were before they were closed, similar to iOS. Documents auto-save by default. Following the release of Lion the previous year, it was the first of the annual rather than two-yearly updates to OS X and later macOS , which also closely alined with the annual iOS operating system updates. It incorporates some features seen in iOS 5, which include , support for in the new messaging application, and Reminders as a to-do list app separate from which is renamed as Calendar, like the iOS app. It also includes support for storing documents in. Application pop-ups are now concentrated on the corner of the screen, and the Center itself is pulled from the right side of the screen. Mountain Lion also includes more Chinese features including support for as an option for search engine, , and 126. Starting with Mountain Lion, Apple software updates including the OS are distributed via the. This updating mechanism replaced the Apple Software Update utility. Main article: OS X 10. It features a redesigned user interface similar to that of , intended to feature a more minimal, text-based 'flat' design, with use of translucency effects and intensely. Apple's showcase new feature in Yosemite is Handoff, which enables users with iPhones running iOS 8. Similar to Mac OS X 10. Refinements include public transport built into the application, GUI improvements to the application, adopting as the system font for clearer legibility, and the introduction of. It is the second most widely used desktop operating system for web browsing , after Windows, and is estimated at approximately five times the usage of which has 1. Usage share generally continues to shift away from the desktop and toward mobile operating systems such as and. Malware and spyware In its earlier years, Mac OS X enjoyed a near-absence of the types of and that have affected users. Increasing market share coincided with additional reports of a variety of attacks. In early 2011, Mac OS X experienced a large increase in malware attacks, and malware such as , MacProtector, and MacGuard were seen as an increasing problem for Mac users. At first, the malware installer required the user to enter the administrative password, but later versions were able to install without user input. Initially, Apple support staff were instructed not to assist in the removal of the malware or admit the existence of the malware issue, but as the malware spread, a support document was issued. Apple announced an OS X update to fix the problem. An estimated 100,000 users were affected. Apple releases security updates for macOS on a regular basis, as well as signature files for , an anti-malware feature part of present since Mac OS X Snow Leopard. 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